The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century had a revolutionary impact on literacy rates. By enabling the mass production of books and printed materials, the printing press made information more accessible and affordable. This democratization of knowledge facilitated the spread of ideas, contributing to the Renaissance, Reformation, and increased literacy among the general populace. As people became more literate, they engaged more with educational and political discourse, paving the way for significant societal transformations.