The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century had a profound impact on literacy rates across Europe. By making books more accessible and affordable, the printing press facilitated the widespread dissemination of knowledge and information. This democratization of learning helped spur literacy among the general population, whereas previously, reading and writing were often restricted to the clergy and the elite. The increase in literacy contributed to cultural movements such as the Renaissance and the Reformation, further igniting a desire for education and critical thinking. The printing press was instrumental in shaping modern society.