The Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 18th century, dramatically transformed European economies from agrarian to industrial. It introduced mechanization, leading to increased production efficiency and a shift towards factory-based manufacturing. Urbanization accelerated as people moved to cities for jobs, resulting in significant demographic changes. The proliferation of technology, including the steam engine and textile machinery, fueled economic growth and improved transportation networks. However, it also brought about challenges such as labor exploitation, environmental degradation, and social inequalities. The Industrial Revolution laid the foundation for modern economic systems and altered social structures, influencing global trade patterns and industrial practices.