Industrialization had profound effects on urban development, propelling significant population growth in cities as people migrated from rural areas seeking work in factories. This led to rapid urbanization, as industrial jobs were centered in urban areas. However, industrialization also portended challenges such as overcrowding, inadequate housing, pollution, and health issues due to poor working conditions. The growth of infrastructure, such as transportation and communication systems, transformed urban landscapes and contributed to the rise of social movements advocating for workers' rights and improved living conditions. Urban centers evolved into bustling hubs of economic activity.