During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church played a crucial role in shaping European society. It was not just a religious institution but also a powerful political force that influenced governance, culture, and education. The Church provided stability during a time of chaos following the fall of the Roman Empire, offering social services and guidance. It was responsible for maintaining literacy and preserving knowledge through monasteries and schools. Furthermore, the Church was instrumental in international relations, acting as a mediator in conflicts and promoting the idea of a Christendom united under its spiritual leadership, which impacted European unity and identity.