The dominant style of architecture in Europe during the Middle Ages was Gothic architecture. Emerging in the 12th century and flourishing until the 16th century, Gothic architecture is characterized by features such as pointed arches, flying buttresses, and ribbed vaults, which allowed for taller structures and massive stained glass windows. Cathedrals, churches, and castles exemplified this style, with notable examples including Notre-Dame de Paris and Chartres Cathedral. The Gothic style was not only an architectural innovation but also a means to express the religious fervor of the times, creating spaces that inspired awe and reverence among worshippers.