The Reformation in Europe, initiated in the early 16th century, had profound consequences, including the fragmentation of the Catholic Church's authority and the rise of Protestant denominations. It challenged the established religious practices and doctrines of the Catholic Church, leading figures like Martin Luther and John Calvin to advocate for reforms. This movement resulted in religious wars, changes in power dynamics across Europe, and the spread of ideas promoting individual interpretation of the Bible. The Reformation also encouraged a questioning of authority and paved the way for the development of modern secular societies.