The Schism in Christianity, often referred to as the Great Schism, was primarily caused by complex theological, political, and cultural differences between Western (Roman Catholic) and Eastern (Orthodox) branches of the Church. Tensions escalated over issues such as the authority of the Pope, differences in liturgical practices, and theological disputes, including the filioque controversy concerning the Holy Spirit's procession. The formal split occurred in 1054 when mutual excommunications were declared. This division significantly shaped the religious landscape of Europe and led to the establishment of distinct religious traditions, practices, and identities within Christianity that persist today.