The labor movements during the late 19th century were driven by several factors, including poor working conditions, long hours, and low wages faced by industrial workers. Rapid industrialization led to a growing workforce that often experienced exploitation and harsh environments, prompting demands for better rights and conditions. Workers began to organize into unions, such as the American Federation of Labor (AFL), to collectively negotiate for fair treatment and improved living standards. Strikes and protests became common as workers sought to make their voices heard amidst the rising tide of industrial capitalism.