The Reformation period was notable for the challenge it posed to the Catholic Church's authority, leading to the establishment of various Protestant sects. Figures like Martin Luther and John Calvin advocated for reforms in theology and church practices, promoting principles such as sola scriptura (scripture alone). This movement precipitated significant religious, political, and cultural shifts across Europe, contributing to the rise of individualism and decreasing the influence of the Papacy. Ultimately, the Reformation laid foundations for the modern state and religious pluralism, leading to ongoing conflicts like the Thirty Years' War.