The treaty that established the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, ending the Thirty Years’ War, is a series of two treaties: the Treaty of Münster and the Treaty of Osnabrück. These agreements marked a significant turning point in European diplomacy and established a new framework for international relations based on state sovereignty and mutual recognition. They ended the devastating conflict that had ravaged Europe, particularly the Holy Roman Empire, and ushered in a period of relative stability. The treaties also recognized Calvinism alongside Catholicism and Lutheranism, establishing religious tolerance in many regions, and laid the foundation for modern nation-states.