The technological advancements during the Industrial Revolution, particularly the steam engine, significantly transformed manufacturing. James Watt's improvements to the steam engine in the late 18th century enabled factories to operate machinery more efficiently, leading to increased productivity and the establishment of large-scale industrial manufacturing. This innovation facilitated the rise of industries such as textiles and iron, rapidly changing economic landscapes. The steam engine also revolutionized transportation through locomotives and steamships, linking markets and accelerating trade, contributing to urbanization as workers flocked to cities for industrial jobs.