The social and political upheaval that began in China in 1911 and led to the end of imperial rule was the Xinhai Revolution. This movement was sparked by widespread discontent with the Qing Dynasty, driven by factors such as corruption, foreign intervention, and economic hardships. Intellectuals and revolutionaries advocated for modernization and democratic governance. The revolution successfully resulted in the abdication of the last Emperor, Puyi, in February 1912, leading to the establishment of the Republic of China. The Xinhai Revolution marked a significant shift from dynastic rule to republicanism, and it set the stage for subsequent political struggles throughout the 20th century in China.