Socialism emerged as a political ideology in response to the Industrial Revolution, addressing the stark inequalities created by rapid industrialization. During this period, the working class faced harsh labor conditions, low wages, and long hours while a small capitalist elite reaped substantial profits. Socialism advocated for the collective or governmental control of the means of production and sought to redistribute wealth more equitably. Prominent figures like Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels criticized capitalism and called for a workers' revolution to achieve a classless society. Socialism gained traction among labor movements and inspired various political parties worldwide that aimed for social justice and workers' rights.