The Industrial Revolution marked a profound change in societal structures, transitioning economies from agrarian to industrial-based systems. This period, spanning from the 18th to the 19th centuries, witnessed technological advancements such as the steam engine, mechanized textile production, and innovations in transportation. Consequently, urbanization surged as people migrated to cities for factory work, leading to significant demographic shifts. The Industrial Revolution altered social hierarchies, giving rise to a new working class while challenging traditional roles. It also sparked movements advocating for labor rights and social reforms, as communities grappled with the consequences of urbanization, including poor living conditions and increased class disparities.