The notable invention that revolutionized transportation in the 19th century was the steam locomotive. This innovative technology facilitated rapid movement of goods and people, significantly impacting industrialization. Railways expanded extensively throughout Europe and North America, linking urban centers and rural areas, thus promoting trade and commerce. The steam locomotive reduced transportation time and costs, helping to usher in the Second Industrial Revolution. It played a pivotal role in shaping modern economies and societies, providing the infrastructure needed for economic growth and enabling the movement of people during an era of profound social changes.