The notable civil rights figure who encouraged the philosophy of self-defense was Malcolm X. He advocated for African Americans to take control of their own destinies, emphasizing the right to defend themselves against oppression. Unlike more traditional civil rights leaders, Malcolm X believed in the necessity of self-defense in the face of systemic violence and discrimination. His views were influenced by his experiences and teachings within the Nation of Islam. Ultimately, his message aimed to empower Black Americans, encouraging them to fight for their rights and dignity in a racially divided society.