The movement that began in the 16th century as a reaction to the Catholic Church is known as the Protestant Reformation. It stemmed from widespread criticisms of the Church's practices, including the sale of indulgences, corruption, and the lack of scriptural authority. Leaders like Martin Luther and John Calvin played pivotal roles in advocating for reforms, which led to the establishment of various Protestant denominations. The Reformation not only reshaped Christianity in Europe, promoting religious pluralism, but also had significant social, political, and cultural ramifications, contributing to the rise of modernity and individualism.