The cultural revival during the 14th to 17th centuries in Europe is known as the Renaissance. This period marked a renewed interest in the classical arts and sciences of Ancient Greece and Rome, fostering a flourishing of literature, visual arts, architecture, and philosophy. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread across Europe, characterized by significant figures such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael, whose works exemplified humanism and individual expression. Advances in techniques like linear perspective and chiaroscuro enhanced artistic realism. This era also sparked developments in science, exploration, and the questioning of traditional authority, ultimately shaping modern thought and laying the groundwork for the Enlightenment.