The Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 18th century, brought significant socioeconomic changes to Europe. Urbanization occurred as people moved from rural areas to industrial cities in search of work, leading to rapid population growth and the expansion of cities. This shift also resulted in changes in labor dynamics, where factory work began to replace agrarian jobs, drastically altering family structures and social hierarchies. Additionally, the revolution facilitated technological advancements that improved productivity and transportation, leading to increased economic output and wealth accumulation. However, it also resulted in adverse conditions such as overcrowding, poor working conditions, and environmental degradation, highlighting the need for labor reforms.