The major shift that occurred in European art during the 15th to 17th centuries, emphasizing realism, is characterized by the transition from Medieval to Renaissance art. Artists began to focus on human emotion, perspective, and the natural world, leading to more realistic representations. Pioneers like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo explored anatomy and light, changing the depiction of the human form and landscape. This shift fostered a cultural rebirth, influencing artistic movements across Europe and establishing foundations for modern art.