A major political change that occurred in Russia after the October Revolution in 1917 was the overthrow of the provisional government and the establishment of Bolshevik rule led by Vladimir Lenin. The revolution marked the beginning of a radical shift from a democratic and capitalist system to a communist regime. The Bolsheviks promised "peace, land, and bread" to the war-worn population and peasants. This change initiated a civil war between the Red Army (Bolsheviks) and the White Army (anti-Bolsheviks), ultimately resulting in the establishment of the Soviet Union, fundamentally altering Russia’s political structure and its role in global affairs.