What major empire ruled over the majority of the Middle East during the 7th to 13th centuries? 🔊
The major empire that ruled over the majority of the Middle East from the 7th to the 13th centuries was the Islamic Caliphate, particularly during the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties. The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) expanded the empire rapidly, stretching across the Middle East, parts of North Africa, and into Spain. The Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258) succeeded the Umayyads and is known for its cultural and intellectual flourishing, particularly in cities like Baghdad, which became a center of learning and commerce. The period marked significant advancements in various fields, including science, philosophy, and medicine, influencing future civilizations.


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