The major conflict arose from tensions between Catholics and Protestants in Europe during the 16th to 17th centuries, culminating in events such as the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). This religious conflict was fueled by the Protestant Reformation, initiated by figures like Martin Luther, who challenged the authority and practices of the Catholic Church. The struggle between Protestant reformers and Catholic rulers resulted in widespread violence, political upheaval, and social change across Europe. The Thirty Years' War, in particular, devastated large parts of Germany and had profound consequences for the political landscape, ultimately leading to the Peace of Westphalia and the recognition of diverse religious practices.