The major civilization that flourished in Mesoamerica prior to European contact was the Maya civilization. The Maya thrived from approximately 2000 BC until the arrival of Europeans in the 16th century. They were known for their advanced writing system, intricate calendar, sophisticated agricultural practices, and impressive architectural feats, including pyramid constructions and city-states like Tikal and Palenque. The Maya also developed a complex social structure and made significant advancements in mathematics, astronomy, and art, which continue to be studied for their contributions to human history and culture.