The rise of fascism in Europe during the early 20th century was primarily fueled by a combination of economic instability, social unrest, and the disillusionment with democratic governments following World War I. The Treaty of Versailles created resentment in many countries, particularly Germany, which faced severe reparations and territorial losses. Additionally, the Great Depression exacerbated unemployment and poverty, leading to widespread dissatisfaction. In this context, totalitarian leaders like Benito Mussolini in Italy and Adolf Hitler in Germany capitalized on nationalistic sentiments, promising stability and restoration of national pride, ultimately leading to the establishment of oppressive regimes throughout Europe.