Pre-Columbian civilizations of North America included a variety of indigenous groups who thrived before European contact. These societies, such as the Ancestral Puebloans, Mississippians, and Pacific Northwest tribes, demonstrated advanced agricultural practices, social organization, and artistic expression. They built complex communities, including mound cities like Cahokia, and engaged in trade across vast distances. Pre-Columbian cultures were diverse, with differing technologies, beliefs, and social structures. Their legacy continues to influence contemporary Native American cultures and highlights the rich history that existed in North America prior to the arrival of European settlers.