Early European explorers, like Columbus and Cortés, often established complex and varied relationships with indigenous populations. These interactions ranged from alliances and trade to violent confrontations and enslavement. Explorers frequently aimed to exploit indigenous resources, which led to the disruption of native societies. Diseases introduced by Europeans decimated populations, complicating relationships further. Some explorers sought to convert natives to Christianity, often disregarding existing belief systems. Overall, these encounters were marked by a series of misunderstandings and exploitative practices that would have lasting repercussions on indigenous cultures and demographics.