The rise of industrial cities in the 19th century was facilitated by the Industrial Revolution, characterized by significant advancements in technology, manufacturing processes, and transportation. Innovations such as the steam engine enabled mass production and increased efficiency, leading to urbanization as people migrated from rural areas to cities in search of jobs. The growth of factories necessitated the development of transportation infrastructure, such as railroads, further encouraging urban expansion. This shift transformed economic structures, social dynamics, and the overall landscape of society, marking a pivotal moment in modern history.