The historical period known for the rise of feudalism in Europe occurred during the Middle Ages, particularly from the 9th to the 15th centuries. Feudalism emerged as a social and economic system in response to the need for protection and stability after the fall of the Roman Empire. It was characterized by a hierarchy of lords, vassals, and serfs, where land was exchanged for military service and loyalty. This system structured society and land ownership, creating a rigid class system. Feudalism played a critical role in shaping medieval European political and social structures, influencing the development of modern nation-states.