The historical period defined by the transition from hand production methods to machines is known as the Industrial Revolution. Beginning in the late 18th century and continuing into the 19th century, this transformation began in Britain and later spread across Europe and the Americas. It was characterized by the mechanization of agriculture and textile production, the development of steam power, and advancements in iron and coal mining. The Industrial Revolution significantly altered economic structures, leading to urbanization, the rise of factory systems, and changes in labor dynamics. It contributed to significant social, political, and cultural shifts that shaped the modern world.