The historical period characterized by the development of cities and complex societies is known as the Urban Revolution or the rise of civilization. This transformation began around 10,000 BCE with the Neolithic Revolution, as nomadic hunter-gatherer societies transitioned to settled agricultural communities. With agriculture providing a stable food supply, populations grew, leading to the establishment of cities. These urban centers became hubs of trade, administration, and culture. The emergence of writing, social hierarchies, and complex governance systems emerged alongside, exemplified by ancient civilizations such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley, fundamentally altering human social organization and interaction.