The famous military leader known for leading a failed invasion of Russia in 1812 is Napoleon Bonaparte. His ambitious campaign aimed to subdue Russia and enforce the Continental System, which was intended to weaken Britain economically. However, the invasion became disastrous as Napoleon's troops faced fierce resistance, harsh winter conditions, and logistical challenges. The great loss of life and resources during this campaign significantly weakened Napoleon's army and reputation. This failed invasion marked a turning point in the Napoleonic Wars, leading to a decline in his power and the eventual restoration of monarchies across Europe.