The rise of totalitarian regimes in the 20th century was catalyzed by the socio-economic turmoil following World War I and the Great Depression. Economic instability, widespread unemployment, and social unrest created a fertile ground for authoritarian leaders who promised order and national rejuvenation. In Germany, this led to the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, while in Italy, Benito Mussolini established fascism as a response to existing discontent. These leaders exploited public fear and disillusionment, manipulating nationalist sentiments to consolidate power and suppress dissent. The adoption of totalitarianism was a direct response to the crises of the time, showcasing the vulnerabilities of democratic institutions.