The era in European history characterized by rapid social and economic change is known as the Industrial Revolution, spanning from the late 18th century to the early 19th century. This period witnessed a shift from agrarian economies to industrialized ones, marked by innovations in technology, such as the steam engine and mechanized textile production. Urbanization accelerated as people migrated to cities for factory work, leading to social changes and new class dynamics. These transformations laid the groundwork for modern capitalism and significantly impacted societal structures, labor relations, and living conditions across Europe.