The Industrial Revolution initiated significant environmental changes in urban centers, particularly through rapid industrialization and urbanization. It led to increased pollution, with factories emitting smoke and waste contaminating air and waterways. Deforestation occurred to make way for industrial infrastructure and housing for the growing urban population. Additionally, urban centers experienced overcrowding, strained resources, and public health crises. These environmental challenges prompted early conservation movements and concerns about sustainability, laying groundwork for ongoing environmental advocacy and policy discussions that continue to this day.