The empire known for its sophisticated trade networks across Africa was the Mali Empire. Flourishing from the 13th to 16th century, the Mali Empire utilized its strategic geographical position to control trade routes across the Sahara Desert, particularly those involving gold, salt, and ivory. The empire's wealth attracted traders from various regions, facilitating cultural exchange and the spread of Islam. Mali's capital, Timbuktu, became a prominent trade and cultural center, renowned for its universities and libraries. The extensive trade networks not only enriched the empire financially but also played a crucial role in the dissemination of knowledge and cultural interactions throughout West Africa.