The empire founded by Charlemagne, expanding from modern-day France into parts of Italy and Germany, was known as the Carolingian Empire. Charlemagne, crowned Emperor by the Pope in 800 AD, significantly united much of Western Europe, promoting the spread of Christianity and cultural revival during what is often referred to as the Carolingian Renaissance. His leadership marked a turning point in European history, laying the foundations for future nations and influencing medieval politics and society. After his death, the empire fragmented, eventually leading to the formation of various European states.