The empire known for its contributions to mathematics and astronomy is the Islamic Caliphate, particularly during the Golden Age from the 8th to the 14th centuries. Scholars such as Al-Khwarizmi and Al-Battani made significant advancements, introducing concepts like algebra and improving astronomical observations that laid the groundwork for future exploration and discoveries in these fields. Their work not only preserved earlier knowledge from Greek and Roman scholars but also synthesized and expanded upon it, influencing later European scholars during the Renaissance.