The Sumerian Empire, often recognized as one of the earliest civilizations, is known for its significant contributions to early civilization. Established in Mesopotamia around 4500 BCE, Sumerians developed one of the first known systems of writing called cuneiform, which facilitated record-keeping and communication. Additionally, they are credited with innovative developments in mathematics, astronomy, and irrigation, which were foundational for agriculture and trade. Sumerian city-states, such as Ur and Uruk, showcased complex urban planning and governance. Their advancements and cultural achievements laid crucial groundwork for subsequent civilizations in the region and greatly influenced human history.