The Islamic Empire, particularly during its Golden Age, is renowned for its advanced mathematical and astronomical knowledge throughout the Middle Ages. Scholars such as Al-Khwarizmi and Al-Battani made significant contributions to mathematics, including the foundations of algebra and trigonometry. Additionally, astronomers like Al-Fazari and Ibn al-Haytham improved observational techniques and developed sophisticated models of planetary motion. The translation movement of Greek texts into Arabic further fueled innovation and knowledge, which later influenced the Renaissance in Europe. These advancements laid the groundwork for modern mathematics and astronomy, showcasing the remarkable intellectual achievements of the Islamic scholars during this period.