The empire that flourished during the Middle Ages in West Africa was the Mali Empire. Established in the 13th century, the Mali Empire became notably powerful through its control of the trans-Saharan trade routes, particularly in gold, salt, and ivory. Under rulers like Mansa Musa, the empire reached its zenith, becoming a center of wealth, culture, and learning. Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 showcased the empire's riches and established its influence in the Islamic world. The Mali Empire's legacy includes significant contributions to architecture, education, and trade patterns in medieval Africa.