The effect of the Industrial Revolution on urban development in 19th-century England was transformative, leading to rapid urbanization and the growth of cities. As industries expanded, people migrated from rural areas to urban centers in search of employment opportunities. This migration resulted in the proliferation of factories, thereby altering the economic landscape and social dynamics of cities. However, this urban growth also brought challenges, including overcrowding, inadequate sanitation, and poor living conditions. The revolution catalyzed significant changes in infrastructure, public health, and urban planning, shaping modern cities and influencing their development for generations to come.