Developments leading to the creation of modern welfare states in Europe were influenced by a combination of factors in the early to mid-20th century. The aftermath of World War I and the Great Depression brought economic hardships that led to widespread social unrest. In response, various governments began adopting policies for social security, labor rights, and public welfare to alleviate poverty and promote social stability. Influential theorists like John Maynard Keynes advocated for government intervention in the economy. The Second World War further emphasized the need for comprehensive social safety nets, leading to the establishment of welfare states in various European nations, particularly in Scandinavia.