The Renaissance period in Europe was characterized by a cultural shift that emphasized humanism, individualism, and a revival of classical learning. Emerging from the late Middle Ages, the Renaissance highlighted the importance of human potential and achievements, focusing on art, literature, and science. Artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo explored human anatomy and perspective, while thinkers such as Erasmus and Machiavelli questioned established doctrines, promoting secular ideas. This period fostered innovations in literature, philosophy, and scientific inquiry, leading to advancements such as the printing press. The Renaissance laid the intellectual foundation for the Enlightenment and significantly influenced Western civilization.