The civilization recognized for developing advanced agricultural techniques is the Mesopotamian civilization, particularly the Sumerians. Situated between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, they pioneered irrigation systems, allowing them to cultivate crops in otherwise arid conditions. Techniques like crop rotation and plow agriculture significantly boosted food production, supporting urban populations and the growth of city-states. The Sumerians' innovations laid the groundwork for future civilizations in the region and beyond, influencing practices in agriculture, governance, and trade. Their contributions to agriculture are considered fundamental to human development and the rise of complex societies.