The Sumerian civilization, which emerged around 3100 BCE in Mesopotamia, is known for its advanced system of writing and government. They developed cuneiform, one of the earliest writing systems, used primarily for record-keeping, legal documentation, and literature. Sumer's city-states, including Uruk and Ur, established organized governmental structures with polytheistic religions centered on temple complexes. This civilization laid the groundwork for subsequent cultures in the region and influenced writing, administration, and urban planning, marking a significant advancement in human societal development.