The ancient civilization known for its advanced irrigation systems in the desert is the Sumerians. Located in present-day southern Iraq, they developed sophisticated techniques to manage water in arid environments. Through the construction of canals and dikes, the Sumerians successfully transformed marshlands into fertile agricultural land. This engineering prowess enabled them to cultivate crops like barley and wheat, supporting urban centers and a complex society. Their agrarian innovations were crucial for sustaining large populations, ultimately leading to the rise of city-states such as Ur and Uruk. This early mastery of irrigation laid the groundwork for future civilizations in the region.