The widespread economic instability known as the Great Depression, which began in 1929, resulted from a combination of factors affecting global economies. Triggered by the stock market crash in the United States, it led to massive unemployment, reduced consumer spending, and business failures. Contributing factors included overproduction, loss of confidence in financial institutions, and restrictive monetary policies. The ripple effects were felt worldwide, leading to international trade declines and protectionist measures, exacerbating the crisis. The Great Depression catalyzed significant governmental shifts, causing nations to reassess economic policies and ultimately leading to the rise of social welfare programs aimed at stabilizing economies.