The rise of socialism in Europe during the 19th century was largely driven by the adverse effects of the Industrial Revolution. Rapid industrialization led to significant social and economic changes, including the emergence of a distinct working class that faced harsh working conditions, low wages, and a lack of political representation. In response, intellectuals and labor leaders began advocating for a new political and economic system that prioritized social equality and workers' rights. Influential works by thinkers like Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels outlined critiques of capitalism and proposed socialist alternatives, leading to the formation of various socialist parties and movements across Europe.